. . . . "Billings Learned Hand (n\u00E9 le 27 janvier 1872 \u00E0 Albany (New York) et mort le 18 ao\u00FBt 1961 (\u00E0 89 ans) \u00E0 New York), habituellement simplement nomm\u00E9 Learned Hand, \u00E9tait un c\u00E9l\u00E8bre juge am\u00E9ricain et un d\u00E9fenseur actif de la libert\u00E9 d'expression. Dipl\u00F4m\u00E9 d'Harvard, on se souvient de lui surtout pour avoir appliqu\u00E9 un raisonnement \u00E9conomique \u00E0 la Tort Law (loi am\u00E9ricaine \u00E9quivalent au d\u00E9lit civil). Hand est consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme l'un des juristes am\u00E9ricain les plus influents du XXe si\u00E8cle, bien que n'ayant pas servi \u00E0 la Cour supr\u00EAme. Il servit \u00E0 la Cour d'appel du deuxi\u00E8me circuit, si\u00E9geant \u00E0 New York, de 1924 \u00E0 1951."@fr . "Billings Learned Hand (n\u00E9 le 27 janvier 1872 \u00E0 Albany (New York) et mort le 18 ao\u00FBt 1961 (\u00E0 89 ans) \u00E0 New York), habituellement simplement nomm\u00E9 Learned Hand, \u00E9tait un c\u00E9l\u00E8bre juge am\u00E9ricain et un d\u00E9fenseur actif de la libert\u00E9 d'expression. Dipl\u00F4m\u00E9 d'Harvard, on se souvient de lui surtout pour avoir appliqu\u00E9 un raisonnement \u00E9conomique \u00E0 la Tort Law (loi am\u00E9ricaine \u00E9quivalent au d\u00E9lit civil)."@fr . . "\u0411\u0438\u043B\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0441 \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0434 \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Billings Learned Hand, 27 \u044F\u043D\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044F 1872 \u2014 18 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1961) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u044F \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444. \u0411\u044B\u043B \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u0451\u0439 \u041E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u043E\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u043E \u044E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u0451\u0439 \u0410\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043F\u043E \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443. \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438-\u044E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u043B\u044E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u044F \u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430..\u0420\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0440\u043E\u0441 \u0432 \u041E\u043B\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A. \u0421\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0438\u043B c \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435\u043C \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u0430\u0440\u044C\u0435\u0440\u044B \u0430\u0434\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041E\u043B\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u0438 \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A\u0435 \u0432 1909 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u0451\u0439 \u0432 \u041C\u0430\u043D\u0445\u044D\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043E\u043D \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043B \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1909 \u0438 1914 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0432\u043B\u0438\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0425\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u043D \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043B \u00AB\u043D\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043C\u00BB. \u0412 1913 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u043B\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0448\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u0438 \u0410\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043D\u043E \u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0448\u0435\u043B \u043E\u0442 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0438. \u0412 1924 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u041A\u0430\u043B\u0432\u0438\u043D \u041A\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0434\u0436 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043B \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0439 \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434 \u0441 1939 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043E 1951 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F. \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0430\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044B. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044C\u044F \u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u0451\u0439 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043F\u044F\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443."@ru . . . . "Learned Hand"@en . . . . "Learned Hand"@cs . . . . . "\u0411\u0438\u043B\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0441 \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0434 \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Billings Learned Hand, 27 \u044F\u043D\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044F 1872 \u2014 18 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1961) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u044F \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444. \u0411\u044B\u043B \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u0451\u0439 \u041E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u043E\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432 \u043F\u043E \u044E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u0451\u0439 \u0410\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043F\u043E \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443. \u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438-\u044E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043C \u043B\u044E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044C\u044F \u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430..\u0420\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0441\u044F \u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0440\u043E\u0441 \u0432 \u041E\u043B\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u041D\u044C\u044E-\u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A."@ru . . . "Learned Hand" . "\uBE4C\uB9C1\uC2A4 \uB7EC\uB2C8\uB4DC \uD578\uB4DC(Billings Learned Hand) (1872\uB144 1\uC6D4 27\uC77C \u2013 1961\uB144 8\uC6D4 18\uC77C)\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uD310\uC0AC\uC774\uBA70 \uBC95 \uCCA0\uD559\uC790\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uB0A8\uBD80 \uB274\uC695 \uC9C0\uAD6C\uC758 \uC9C0\uBC29 \uBC95\uC6D0 \uD310\uC0AC\uB97C \uD588\uACE0 \uC774\uD6C4\uC5D0\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uD56D\uC18C\uBC95\uC6D0\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uD588\uB2E4. \uD578\uB4DC\uB294 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD558\uAE09\uD310\uC0AC\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC5F0\uBC29 \uB300\uBC95\uC6D0\uACFC \uBC95\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uB354 \uC790\uC8FC \uC778\uC6A9\uD558\uB294 \uD310\uC0AC\uC774\uB2E4.\uBBF8\uAD6D \uB274\uC695\uC758 \uC62C\uBC84\uB2C8\uC5D0\uC11C \uD0DC\uC5B4\uB098\uACE0 \uC790\uB780 \uD578\uB4DC\uB294, \uD558\uBC84\uB4DC \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uCCA0\uD559\uC744 \uC804\uACF5\uD558\uACE0 \uD558\uBC84\uB4DC \uBC95\uD559\uB300\uD559\uC6D0\uC5D0\uC11C \uC6B0\uB4F1\uC0C1\uC744 \uBC1B\uC73C\uBA70 \uC878\uC5C5\uD588\uB2E4. \uC62C\uBC84\uB2C8\uC640 \uB274\uC695\uC2DC\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9E7\uC740 \uBCC0\uD638\uC0AC \uC0DD\uD65C\uC744 \uAC70\uCE5C \uD6C4, \uADF8\uB294 \uB9E8\uD574\uD2BC\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uC5F0\uBC29 \uC9C0\uBC29 \uBC95\uC6D0 \uD310\uC0AC\uB85C 1909\uB144 37\uC138\uC758 \uB098\uC774\uC5D0 \uC784\uBA85\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC9C1\uC5C5\uC740 \uADF8\uC758 \uCD08\uC5F0\uD558\uACE0 \uC5F4\uB9B0 \uAE30\uC9C8\uACFC \uC798 \uB9DE\uC558\uACE0, \uADF8\uAC00 \uB0B4\uB9B0 \uD310\uACB0 \uB355\uBD84\uC5D0 \uACE7 \uADF8\uB294 \uB192\uC740 \uD3C9\uAC00\uC640 \uAD8C\uC704\uB97C \uBD80\uC5EC\uBC1B\uC744 \uC218 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1909\uB144\uC5D0\uC11C 1914\uB144 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0, \uADF8\uB294 \uD5C8\uBC84\uD2B8 \uD06C\uB864\uB9AC(Herbert Croly)\uC758 \uC0AC\uD68C \uC774\uB860\uC5D0 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uBC1B\uC544\uC11C \uC2E0 \uBBFC\uC871\uC8FC\uC758(New Nationalism)\uB97C \uC9C0\uC9C0\uD558\uC600\uB2E4." . "Billings Learned Hand (27. ledna 1872 - 18. srpna 1961) byl vlivn\u00FD americk\u00FD pr\u00E1vn\u00EDk a pr\u00E1vn\u00ED filosof. V letech 1909\u20131924 zast\u00E1val post soudce u Obvodn\u00EDho soudu pro newyorsk\u00FD ji\u017En\u00ED distrikt a v letech 1924\u20131961 u Odvolac\u00EDho soudu pro druh\u00FD soudn\u00ED obvod. Je zn\u00E1m pro svou ekonomickou anal\u00FDzu z\u00E1kona o odpov\u011Bdnosti z nedbalosti. Byl tak\u00E9 aktivn\u00EDm obh\u00E1jcem svobody projevu."@cs . . . . "\uB7EC\uB2C8\uB4DC \uD578\uB4DC" . . . "Billings Learned Hand (/\u02C8l\u025Crn\u0268d/ LURN-id; January 27, 1872 \u2013 August 18, 1961) was a United States judge and judicial philosopher. He served on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and later the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Hand has been quoted more often by legal scholars and by the Supreme Court of the United States than any other lower-court judge.Born and raised in Albany, New York, Hand majored in philosophy at Harvard College and graduated with honors from Harvard Law School. After a short career as a lawyer in Albany and New York City, he was appointed at the age of 37 as a Federal District Judge in Manhattan in 1909. The profession suited his detached and open-minded temperament, and his decisions soon won him a reputation for craftsmanship and authority. Between 1909 and 1914, under the influence of Herbert Croly's social theories, Hand supported New Nationalism. He ran unsuccessfully as the Progressive Party's candidate for Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1913, but withdrew from active politics shortly afterwards. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge promoted Hand to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which he went on to lead as the Senior Circuit Judge (later retitled Chief Judge) from 1939 until his semi-retirement in 1951. Scholars have recognized the Second Circuit under Hand as one of the finest appeals courts in the country's history. Friends and admirers often lobbied for Hand's promotion to the Supreme Court, but circumstances and his political past conspired against his appointment.Hand possessed a gift for the English language, and his writings are admired as legal literature. He rose to fame outside the legal profession in 1944 during World War II after giving a short address in Central Park that struck a popular chord in its appeal for tolerance. During a period when a hysterical fear of subversion divided the nation, Hand was viewed as a liberal defender of civil liberties. A collection of Hand's papers and addresses, published in 1952 as The Spirit of Liberty, sold well and won him new admirers. Even after he criticized the civil-rights activism of the 1950s Warren Court, Hand retained his popularity.Hand is also remembered as a pioneer of modern approaches to statutory interpretation. His decisions in specialist fields, such as patents, torts, admiralty law, and antitrust law, set lasting standards for craftsmanship and clarity. On constitutional matters, he was both a political progressive and an advocate of judicial restraint. He believed in the protection of free speech and in bold legislation to address social and economic problems. He argued, however, that the United States Constitution does not empower courts to overrule the legislation of elected bodies, except in extreme circumstances. Instead, he advocated the \"combination of toleration and imagination that to me is the epitome of all good government\"."@en . . . "\u0411\u0438\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0441 \u041B\u044A\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0434 \u0425\u0435\u043D\u0434 (\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438: Billings Learned Hand) \u0435 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444.\u0422\u043E\u0439 \u0435 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043D \u043D\u0430 27 \u044F\u043D\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0438 1872 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u041E\u043B\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u0432\u044A\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u044F \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043E\u0442 1909 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0435 \u0441\u044A\u0434\u0438\u044F, \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434 1924 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u2014 \u0432 \u0410\u043F\u0435\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u044A\u0434 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u044A\u0433, \u043A\u043E\u0439\u0442\u043E \u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044F\u0432\u0430 \u043E\u0442 1939 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043E\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043B\u044F\u043D\u0435\u0442\u043E \u0441\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437 1951 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430."@bg . . . . "107267016"^^ . "\u0411\u0438\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0441 \u041B\u044A\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0434 \u0425\u0435\u043D\u0434 (\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438: Billings Learned Hand) \u0435 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444.\u0422\u043E\u0439 \u0435 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043D \u043D\u0430 27 \u044F\u043D\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0438 1872 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u041E\u043B\u0431\u0430\u043D\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u0432\u044A\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043A\u0438\u044F \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043E\u0442 1909 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0435 \u0441\u044A\u0434\u0438\u044F, \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434 1924 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u2014 \u0432 \u0410\u043F\u0435\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u044A\u0434 \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u044A\u0433, \u043A\u043E\u0439\u0442\u043E \u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u044F\u0432\u0430 \u043E\u0442 1939 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043E\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043B\u044F\u043D\u0435\u0442\u043E \u0441\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0437 1951 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430. \u0421\u044A\u0441 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u044F\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E \u0441\u044A\u0434\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0441 \u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043E \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043E \u0425\u0435\u043D\u0434 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u043F\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u043E-\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u044A\u0433\u043E\u0432\u0435.\u041B\u044A\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0434 \u0425\u0435\u043D\u0434 \u0443\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043D\u0430 18 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 1961 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u041D\u044E \u0419\u043E\u0440\u043A."@bg . "1362060"^^ . . . . . "Billings Learned Hand (/\u02C8l\u025Crn\u0268d/ LURN-id; January 27, 1872 \u2013 August 18, 1961) was a United States judge and judicial philosopher. He served on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and later the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit."@en . "Learned Hand"@fr . "\uBE4C\uB9C1\uC2A4 \uB7EC\uB2C8\uB4DC \uD578\uB4DC(Billings Learned Hand) (1872\uB144 1\uC6D4 27\uC77C \u2013 1961\uB144 8\uC6D4 18\uC77C)\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uD310\uC0AC\uC774\uBA70 \uBC95 \uCCA0\uD559\uC790\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uB0A8\uBD80 \uB274\uC695 \uC9C0\uAD6C\uC758 \uC9C0\uBC29 \uBC95\uC6D0 \uD310\uC0AC\uB97C \uD588\uACE0 \uC774\uD6C4\uC5D0\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uD56D\uC18C\uBC95\uC6D0\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uD588\uB2E4. \uD578\uB4DC\uB294 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD558\uAE09\uD310\uC0AC\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uC5F0\uBC29 \uB300\uBC95\uC6D0\uACFC \uBC95\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uB354 \uC790\uC8FC \uC778\uC6A9\uD558\uB294 \uD310\uC0AC\uC774\uB2E4.\uBBF8\uAD6D \uB274\uC695\uC758 \uC62C\uBC84\uB2C8\uC5D0\uC11C \uD0DC\uC5B4\uB098\uACE0 \uC790\uB780 \uD578\uB4DC\uB294, \uD558\uBC84\uB4DC \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uCCA0\uD559\uC744 \uC804\uACF5\uD558\uACE0 \uD558\uBC84\uB4DC \uBC95\uD559\uB300\uD559\uC6D0\uC5D0\uC11C \uC6B0\uB4F1\uC0C1\uC744 \uBC1B\uC73C\uBA70 \uC878\uC5C5\uD588\uB2E4. \uC62C\uBC84\uB2C8\uC640 \uB274\uC695\uC2DC\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9E7\uC740 \uBCC0\uD638\uC0AC \uC0DD\uD65C\uC744 \uAC70\uCE5C \uD6C4, \uADF8\uB294 \uB9E8\uD574\uD2BC\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uC5F0\uBC29 \uC9C0\uBC29 \uBC95\uC6D0 \uD310\uC0AC\uB85C 1909\uB144 37\uC138\uC758 \uB098\uC774\uC5D0 \uC784\uBA85\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC9C1\uC5C5\uC740 \uADF8\uC758 \uCD08\uC5F0\uD558\uACE0 \uC5F4\uB9B0 \uAE30\uC9C8\uACFC \uC798 \uB9DE\uC558\uACE0, \uADF8\uAC00 \uB0B4\uB9B0 \uD310\uACB0 \uB355\uBD84\uC5D0 \uACE7 \uADF8\uB294 \uB192\uC740 \uD3C9\uAC00\uC640 \uAD8C\uC704\uB97C \uBD80\uC5EC\uBC1B\uC744 \uC218 \uC788\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1909\uB144\uC5D0\uC11C 1914\uB144 \uC0AC\uC774\uC5D0, \uADF8\uB294 \uD5C8\uBC84\uD2B8 \uD06C\uB864\uB9AC(Herbert Croly)\uC758 \uC0AC\uD68C \uC774\uB860\uC5D0 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uBC1B\uC544\uC11C \uC2E0 \uBBFC\uC871\uC8FC\uC758(New Nationalism)\uB97C \uC9C0\uC9C0\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uD578\uB4DC\uB294 \uC601\uC5B4\uC5D0 \uC7AC\uB2A5\uC774 \uC788\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8\uC758 \uAE00\uC4F0\uAE30\uB294 \uBC95\uBB38\uD559\uC73C\uB85C \uCE6D\uCC2C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 1944\uB144 \uC13C\uD2B8\uB7F4 \uD30C\uD06C\uC5D0 \uAD00\uC6A9(tolerance)\uC744 \uB300\uC911\uC5D0\uAC8C \uD638\uC18C\uD558\uB294 \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC744 \uB2F4\uC740 \uC9E7\uC740 \uAE00\uC744 \uBD99\uC774\uBA74\uC11C \uADF8 \uC77C\uC744 \uACC4\uAE30\uB85C \uBC95\uC6D0 \uBC16\uC5D0\uC11C \uBA85\uC131\uC774 \uB192\uC544\uC9C0\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uAD6D\uAC00 \uC804\uBCF5\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uD788\uC2A4\uD14C\uB9AC\uC801\uC778 \uACF5\uD3EC\uAC00 \uB098\uB77C\uB97C \uBD84\uC5F4\uC2DC\uD0A4\uACE0 \uC788\uC744 \uB54C, \uD578\uB4DC\uB294 \uC2DC\uBBFC\uC758 \uC790\uC720\uB97C \uC639\uD638\uD558\uB294 \uC790\uC720\uC8FC\uC758\uC790\uB85C\uC11C \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uACAC\uD574\uB97C \uD53C\uB825\uD588\uB2E4. \uD578\uB4DC\uC758 \uAE00\uC744 \uBAA8\uC740 \uCC45\uC740, 1952\uB144\uC5D0 \"\uC790\uC720\uC758 \uC601\uD63C\"(The Spirit of Liberty)\uB77C\uB294 \uC81C\uBAA9\uC744 \uCD9C\uAC04\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBE44\uB85D \uADF8\uAC00 1950\uB144\uB300 \uC6CC\uB7F0 \uBC95\uC6D0 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uC778\uAD8C \uC801\uADF9\uC8FC\uC758(judicial activism)\uB97C \uBE44\uD310\uD588\uC74C\uC5D0\uB3C4, \uD578\uB4DC\uB294 \uC790\uC2E0\uC758 \uC778\uAE30\uB97C \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uC600\uB2E4.\uD578\uB4DC\uB294 \uC131\uBB38\uBC95 \uD574\uC11D \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uD604\uB300\uC801\uC778 \uC811\uADFC\uC758 \uAC1C\uCC99\uC790\uB85C \uAE30\uC5B5\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD558\uB2E4. \uBBF8\uAD6D \uD2B9\uD5C8\uBC95, \uBD88\uBC95 \uD589\uC704(torts), \uD574\uC0AC\uBC95, \uBBF8\uAD6D \uBC18\uB3C5\uC810 \uBC95\uC744 \uBE44\uB86F\uD55C \uD2B9\uC815 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uADF8\uC758 \uD310\uACB0\uC740, \uC601\uC18D\uD558\uB294 \uBA85\uD655\uD55C \uAE30\uC900\uC774 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD5CC\uBC95 \uBB38\uC81C\uC5D0\uC11C, \uADF8\uB294 \uC815\uCE58\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uC9C4\uBCF4\uC8FC\uC758\uC790\uC774\uBA74\uC11C \uB3D9\uC2DC\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uBC95 \uC81C\uD55C\uC8FC\uC758(judicial restraint)\uC758 \uC9C0\uC9C0\uC790\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC5B8\uB860\uC758 \uC790\uC720\uAC00 \uBCF4\uC7A5\uB418\uC5B4\uC57C \uD55C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uBBFF\uC5C8\uACE0, \uC0AC\uD68C \uACBD\uC81C\uC801 \uBB38\uC81C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACFC\uAC10\uD55C \uC785\uBC95\uC744 \uC9C0\uC9C0\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uADF8\uB294 \uADF9\uB2E8\uC801\uC778 \uC0C1\uD669\uC744 \uC81C\uC678\uD558\uBA74 \uBBF8\uAD6D \uD5CC\uBC95\uC774 \uBC95\uC6D0\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC120\uCD9C\uB41C \uAD6D\uD68C\uC758\uC6D0\uC758 \uC785\uBC95\uAD8C\uC744 \uCE68\uD574\uD558\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD558\uAC8C \uD588\uB2E4\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD588\uB2E4. \uB300\uC2E0\uC5D0 \uADF8\uB294 \"\uB098\uC5D0\uAC8C \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC88B\uC740 \uC815\uBD80\uC758 \uD575\uC2EC(\uC6D0\uC5B4:epitome-\uC9C1\uC5ED:\uAC1C\uC694, \uBC1C\uCDCC, \uCD95\uC18C\uD310\uC758 \uB73B)\uC740 \uAD00\uC6A9\uACFC \uC0C1\uC0C1\uB825\uC758 \uACB0\uD569\"\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uC8FC\uC7A5\uD588\uB2E4." . "\u0425\u044D\u043D\u0434, \u041B\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0435\u0434"@ru . . "1326"^^ . . . "14"^^ . "Billings Learned Hand (27. ledna 1872 - 18. srpna 1961) byl vlivn\u00FD americk\u00FD pr\u00E1vn\u00EDk a pr\u00E1vn\u00ED filosof. V letech 1909\u20131924 zast\u00E1val post soudce u Obvodn\u00EDho soudu pro newyorsk\u00FD ji\u017En\u00ED distrikt a v letech 1924\u20131961 u Odvolac\u00EDho soudu pro druh\u00FD soudn\u00ED obvod. Je zn\u00E1m pro svou ekonomickou anal\u00FDzu z\u00E1kona o odpov\u011Bdnosti z nedbalosti. Byl tak\u00E9 aktivn\u00EDm obh\u00E1jcem svobody projevu."@cs . . "\u041B\u044A\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0434 \u0425\u0435\u043D\u0434"@bg . . "Billings Learned Hand (* 27. Januar 1872 in Albany, New York; \u2020 18. August 1961) war ein US-amerikanischer Richter und Rechtsgelehrter. Er amtierte 37 Jahre am United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1924\u20131961) und gilt als einer der einflussreichsten amerikanischen Rechtsphilosophen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Seine Schriften wurden in Urteilen des United States Supreme Courts h\u00E4ufiger zitiert als die jedes anderen Richters, der nicht selbst am Supreme Court t\u00E4tig war.Geboren wurde er in Albany, New York. Seine ungew\u00F6hnlichen Vornamen verdankte er einer speziellen Familientradition: in der Familie seiner Mutter (die mit Geburtsname Learned hie\u00DF und einen Onkel namens Billings hatte) wurden stets Nachnamen als Vornamen vergeben. Er studierte in Harvard bei Philosophen wie William James, Josiah Royce und George Santayana." . . . . "Billings Learned Hand (* 27. Januar 1872 in Albany, New York; \u2020 18. August 1961) war ein US-amerikanischer Richter und Rechtsgelehrter. Er amtierte 37 Jahre am United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1924\u20131961) und gilt als einer der einflussreichsten amerikanischen Rechtsphilosophen des 20. Jahrhunderts." .